Europaweite Videoüberwachung an Schlachthöfen und Dokumentation
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/ #193 Studie zum Fleischkonsum2013-01-18 15:09"Gemüse ist für Mädchen" http://science.orf.at/stories/1709595/ Der US-amerikanische Psychologe Hank Rothgerber bringt die Geschlechterpolitik auf den Teller. Männer essen ihm zufolge nicht nur mehr Fleisch als Frauen, sie begründen ihr Verhalten auch anders: Der Fleischkonsum mache sie männlich. http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/2012-30417-001/ Nutztiere tragen laut WHO um 40 Prozent mehr zum Klimawandel bei als der weltweite Verkehr. Ein Fleischesser bläst durch seinen Konsum ebenso viel Treibhausgase in die Luft wie das sieben Veganer tun. Darüber hinaus gäbe es auch gesundheitliche und nicht zuletzt ethische Argumente kontra Fleischkonsum. Dennoch entscheiden sich in den westlichen Nationen nur wenige für den absoluten Verzicht. In Österreich, Schweden und den USA liegt der Anteil der Vegetarier bei rund drei Prozent. Europäische Rekordhalter sind Deutschland und die Schweiz mit neun Prozent. (Was im Vergleich zu Indien noch immer wenig ist. Dort ernähren sich 40 Prozent der Bevölkerung fleischlos.) Die Studie "Real Men Don't Eat (Vegetable) Quiche: Masculinity and the Justification of Meat Consumption", Psychology of Men & Masculinity (12. Nov. 2012; doi: 10.1037/a0030379). "Aber es schmeckt so gut ..." Wie Hank Rothgerber von der Bellarime University herausgefunden hat, gehen Männer und Frauen durchaus unterschiedlich mit der argumentativen Schieflage um. Frauen distanzieren sich von den Problemen und sagen etwa: "Ich versuche nicht daran zu denken, dass Tiere leiden." Männer indes suchen den direkten Weg, den Biss ins Schnitzel zu rechtfertigen. "Der Mensch steht an der Spitze der Nahrungskette" ist ein typischer Satz, den Rothgerbers männliche Interviewpartner angekreuzt haben. Oder: "Unsere Vorfahren haben auch Fleisch gegessen - warum sollten wir es nicht auch tun? Außerdem schmeckt es zu gut, als dass man sich darüber Sorgen machen sollte." Der Unterschied hat nicht nur damit zu tun, dass Männer schwerer sind als Frauen und daher mehr essen. Sie essen auch relativ mehr Fleisch. Und das habe, wie Rothgerber schreibt, mit unseren Geschlechterrollen zu tun. Genauer: "mit der Konstruktion von Männlichkeit". Natürlich hatten das auch schon andere vermutet. Arran Stibbe von der University of Gloucestershire hat etwa vor ein paar Jahren die Zeitschrift Men's Health analysiert und ein Bild gefunden, das Fleischkonsum als Attribut des idealen Mannes darstellt, insbesondere wenn es um die Entwicklung von Muskelkraft geht. "Gemüse ist etwas für Mädchen", stand da zu lesen. Und: "Wenn Ihnen der Instinkt sagt, dass eine vegetarische Ernährung unmännlich ist, dann haben Sie recht". Diesen Konnex auf psychologischer Ebene zu untersuchen, blieb nun Rothgerber vorbehalten. Er stufte seine Probanden - 45 Frauen, 44 Männer - zunächst auf einer Skala männlicher Normen ein. Die "Male Role Norm Scale", entwickelt in den 80ern, besteht aus drei Teilen. Sie misst Status ("Erfolg in der Arbeit ist die wichtigste Aufgabe für eine Mann"), Härte ("Männer sollten Schmerzen nicht zeigen") sowie Ablehnung von Weiblichkeit ("Es stört mich, wenn sich ein Mann feminin verhält"). Der Fleischesser: Hart und erfolgreich Wie Rothgerber, übrigens selbst Vegetarier, im Fachblatt "Psychology of Men & Masculinity" schreibt, landete er auf diese Weise einen statistischen Volltreffer. Wer sich an männlichen Normen orientiert, kann sich für Gemüsestrudel in der Regel nicht erwärmen. Über Ursache und Wirkung sagt der Test leider nichts aus. Einerseits beinhaltet das männliche Selbstverständnis wohl den Fleischkonsum als Privileg. Andererseits macht das Fleisch auf dem Teller auch männlich, insofern es Rollenbilder reproduziert und Klischees bedient. Der Unterschied zwischen den Geschlechtern verschwindet jedenfalls, sofern man die Daten um die um die Ergebnisse der "Male Role Norm Scale" korrigiert, schreibt Rothgerber - und liefert damit das statistische Unterfutter für eine Theorie der amerikanischen Feministin und Tierrechtlerin Carol Adams. Sie hat bereits in den 90ern in "The Sexual Politics of Meat" hingewiesen, dass Fleisch, Macht und Männlichkeit eine historische Allianz eingegangen sind, die sich kaum aufbrechen lässt. Untersuchungen an mehr als 100 vorindustriellen Gesellschaften scheinen das ebenfalls zu bestätigen: Das Patriarchat ist dort ausgeprägt, wo viel Fleisch gegessen wird. Wo der Vegetarismus zur Norm gehört, sind die Rollen von Mann und Frau ausgeglichener. Robert Czepel, science.ORF.at |
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